Structured products are the innovative and flexible combination of a classic investment (such as a bond or share) together with a derivative. The wide variety of about 60'000 products is broken down by the SSPA into five main categories.
Categorization
The SSPA categorization model consists of three hierarchy levels. On the top level the model distinguishes investment products from leveraged products. These two main categories are made up of five product categories on the second level, ranging from low-risk capital protection products to higher-risk leveraged products with knock-out. On the third hierarchy level, each of these five product categories comprises a number of specific product types. These product types illustrate how a single structured product functions by means of its respective payoff diagram. The descriptions also provide information on the investor’s market expectations and product-specific characteristics.
- Capital Protection Note with Participation (1100)
- Capital Protection Note with Barrier (1130)
- Capital Protection Note with Twin-Win (1135)
- Capital Protection Note with Coupon (1140)
- Discount Certificate (1200)
- Barrier Discount Certificate (1210)
- Reverse Convertible (1220)
- Barrier Reverse Convertible (1230)
- Conditional Coupon Reverse Convertible (1255)
- Conditional Coupon Barrier Reverse Convertible (1260)
- Tracker Certificate (1300)
- Outperformance Certificate (1310)
- Bonus Certificate (1320)
- Bonus Outperformance Certificate (1330)
- Twin Win Certificate (1340)
- Credit Linked Notes (1400)
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Conditional Capital Protection Note with additional credit
risk (1410) - Yield Enhancement Certificate with additional credit risk (1420)
- Participation Certificate with additional credit risk (1430)
- Warrant (2100)
- Spread Warrant (2110)
- Warrant with Knock-Out (2200)
- Mini-Future (2210)
- Constant Leverage Certificate (2300)
Market expectation
- Rising underlying
- Rising volatility
- Sharply falling underlying possible
Characteristics
- Minimum redemption at expiry equivalent to the capital protection
- Capital protection is defined as a percentage of the nominal (e.g. 100%)
- Capital protection refers to the nominal only, and not to the purchase price
- Value of the product may fall below the capital protection during its lifetime
- Participation in underlying price increase above the strike
- Coupon payment possible
Market expectation
- Rising underlying
- Sharply falling underlying possible
- Underlying is not going to touch or breach the barrier during product lifetime
Characteristics
- Minimum redemption at expiry equivalent to the capital protection
- Capital protection is defined as a percentage of the nominal (e.g. 100%)
- Capital protection refers to the nominal only, and not to the purchase price
- Value of the product may fall below the capital protection during its lifetime
- Participation in underlying price increase above the strike
- Redemption at expiry equivalent to capital protection if upper barrier is breached
- Possibility of rebate payment once barrier is breached
- Limited profit opportunity
Market expectation
- Slightly rising or slightly falling underlying
- Sharp movements of the underlying possible
- Underlying will not touch or breach upper or lower
Characteristics
- Minimum redemption at expiry equivalent to the capital protection
- Capital protection is defined as a percentage of the nominal (e.g. 100%)
- Capital protection refers to the nominal only, and not to the purchase price
- Value of the product may fall below the capital protection during its lifetime
- Participation in underlying price increase above the strike
- Redemption at expiry equivalent to capital protection if upper barrier is breached
- Possibility of rebate payment once barrier is breached
- Limited profit opportunity
Market expectation
- Rising underlying
- Sharply falling underlying possible
Characteristics
- Minimum redemption at expiry equivalent to the capital protection
- Capital protection is defined as a percentage of the nominal (e.g. 100%)
- Capital protection refers to the nominal only, and not to the purchase price
- Value of the product may fall below the capital protection during its lifetime
- The coupon amount is dependent on the performance of the underlying
- Periodic coupon payment is expected
- Limited profit opportunity
Market expectation
- Underlying moving sideways or slightly rising
- Falling volatility
Characteristics
- Contains a discount compared to the underlying value
- Limited profit opportunity (cap)
- If the underlying is above the strike at maturity, the investor receives the maximum redemption amount (cap)
- If the Underlying is below the Strike at Maturity: Delivery Underlying and/or Cash Settlement
- Multiple underlyings (worst of) enable more attractive product conditions, but with higher risk
Market expectation
- Underlying moving sideways or slightly rising
- Falling volatility
- Underlying will not breach barrier during product lifetime
Characteristics
- Contains a discount compared to the underlying value
- Limited profit opportunity (cap)
- If the underlying is above the strike at maturity or if the barrier has not been touched, the investor receives the maximum redemption amount (cap)
- When touching the barrier, the product becomes a Discount Certificate (1200)
- Due to the barrier, the probability of a maximum repayment is higher, but the discount is lower than for a discount certificate (1200) with otherwise identical product conditions
- Multiple underlyings (worst of) enable more attractive product conditions, but with higher risk
Market expectation
- Underlying moving sideways or slightly rising
- Falling volatility
Characteristics
- The coupon is being paid regardless of the performance of the underlying
- Limited profit opportunity (cap)
- If the underlying is above the strike at maturity, the coupon is repaid together with the nominal value
- If the underlying is below the Strike at Maturity: Delivery Underlying and/or Cash Settlement plus Coupon
- Multiple underlyings (worst of) enable more attractive product conditions, but with higher risk
Market expectation
- Underlying moving sideways or slightly rising
- Falling volatility
- Underlying will not breach barrier during product lifetime
Characteristics
- The coupon is being paid regardless of the performance of the underlying instrument
- Limited profit opportunity (cap)
- If the underlying is above the strike at maturity or if the barrier has not been touched, the investor receives the maximum redemption amount (cap)
- When touching the barrier the product becomes a Reverse Convertible (1220)
- Due to the barrier, the probability of a maximum repayment is higher, but the coupon is lower than for a reverse convertible (1220) with otherwise identical product conditions
- Multiple underlyings (worst of) enable more attractive product conditions, but with higher risk
Market expectation
- Underlying moving sideways or slightly rising
- Falling volatility
Characteristics
- Coupon payment depends on conditions
- Limited profit opportunity
- Usually equipped with an autocall trigger: If the underlying is quoted above the autocall trigger on the observation date, the nominal amount plus any coupon is repaid early
- Multiple underlyings (worst of) enable more attractive product conditions, but with higher risk
Market expectation
- Underlying moving sideways or slightly rising
- Falling volatility
- Underlying will not breach barrier during product lifetime
Characteristics
- Coupon payment depends on conditions
- Limited profit opportunity
- Usually equipped with an autocall trigger: If the underlying is quoted above the autocall trigger on the observation date, the nominal amount plus any coupon is repaid early
- Touching the barrier results in an underlying delivery and/or cash settlement
- Due to the barrier, the probability of a maximum repayment is higher, but the conditional coupon is lower than for an Express Certificate without barrier (1255) with otherwise identical product conditions
- Multiple underlyings (worst of) enable more attractive product conditions, but with higher risk
Market expectation
- Rising underlying
Characteristics
- Participation in performance of the underlying
- Reflects underlying price moves 1:1 (adjusted by conversion ratio and any related fees)
- Underlying can be managed dynamically
Market expectation
- Rising underlying
- Rising volatility
Characteristics
- Participation in performance of the underlying
- Disproportionate participation (outperformance) in positive performance above the strike
- Reflects underlying price moves 1:1 when below the strike
Market expectation
- Underlying moving sideways or rising
- Underlying will not breach barrier during product lifetime
Characteristics
- Participation in performance of the underlying
- Minimum redemption is equal to the nominal provided the barrier has not been breached
- If the barrier is breached, the product changes into a Tracker Certificate
- With greater risk, multiple underlyings (worst-of) allow for a higher bonus level or lower barrier
Market expectation
- Rising underlying
- Underlying will not breach barrier during product lifetime
Characteristics
- Participation in performance of the underlying
- Disproportionate participation (outperformance) in positive performance above the strike
- Minimum redemption is equal to the nominal provided the barrier has not been breached
- If the barrier is breached, the product changes into a Outperformance Certificate
- With greater risk, multiple underlyings (worst-of) allow for a higher bonus level or lower barrier
Market expectation
- Underlying moving sideways or rising
- Underlying will not breach barrier during product lifetime
Characteristics
- Participation in performance of the underlying
- Profits possible with rising and falling underlying
- Falling underlying price converts into profit up to the barrier
- Minimum redemption is equal to the nominal provided the barrier has not been breached
- If the barrier is breached, the product changes into a Tracker Certificate
- With higher risk levels, multiple underlyings (worst-of) allow for a higher bonus level or lower barrier
A credit linked note falls into the asset class of credit derivatives or structured products and is therefore also referred to as a synthetic corporate bond, which makes the credit risk of a selected debtor “investable”. The investor acts as an insurer for which it receives a periodic premium (coupon payment). In return, the investor bears the risk of a credit event which, if it occurs, can jeopardize further coupon payments and the repayment of all or part of the principal. The solvency of the reference debtor is therefore decisive. In contrast to an equity investment, repayment is not affected by market volatility or the influence of bad news – as long as no credit event occurs.
For investment products with additional credit risk, third-party bonds (corporate or government bonds) with similar maturities are used. This additional risk enables the issuer to offer more favorable terms. At the same time, the investor is thus given the opportunity to spread the default risk among various debtors (diversification). Compared to other product categories, it is particularly important to observe not only the performance of the underlying instrument but also the creditworthiness of the reference debtor. An investment in such products is recommended if premature default of the reference debtor is considered extremely unlikely.
For investment products with additional credit risk, third-party bonds (corporate or government bonds) with similar maturities are used. This additional risk enables the issuer to offer more favorable terms. At the same time, the investor is thus given the opportunity to spread the default risk among various debtors (diversification). Compared to other product categories, it is particularly important to observe not only the performance of the underlying instrument but also the creditworthiness of the reference debtor. An investment in such products is recommended if premature default of the reference debtor is considered extremely unlikely.
For investment products with additional credit risk, third-party bonds (corporate or government bonds) with similar maturities are used. This additional risk enables the issuer to offer more favorable terms. At the same time, the investor is thus given the opportunity to spread the default risk among various debtors (diversification). Compared to other product categories, it is particularly important to observe not only the performance of the underlying instrument but also the creditworthiness of the reference debtor. An investment in such products is recommended if premature default of the reference debtor is considered extremely unlikely.
Market expectation
- Warrant (Call): Rising underlying, rising volatility
- Warrant (Put): Falling underlying, rising volatility
Characteristics
- Small investment generating a leveraged performance relative to the underlying
- Increased risk of total loss (limited to initial investment)
- Suitable for speculation or hedging
- Daily loss of time value (increases as product expiry approaches)
- Continuous monitoring required
Market expectation
- Spread Warrant (Bull): Rising underlying
- Spread Warrant (Bear): Falling underlying
Characteristics
- Small investment generating a leveraged performance relative to the underlying
- Increased risk of total loss (limited to initial investment)
- Daily loss of time value (increases as product expiry approaches)
- Continuous monitoring required
- Limited profit potential (cap)
Market expectation
- Knock-Out (Call): Rising underlying
- Knock-Out (Put): Falling underlying
Characteristics
- Small investment generating a leveraged performance relative to the underlying
- Increased risk of total loss (limited to initial investment)
- Suitable for speculation or hedging
- Continuous monitoring required
- Immediately expires worthless if the barrier is breached during product lifetime
- Minor influence of volatility and marginal loss of time value
Market expectation
- Mini-Future (Long): Rising underlying
- Mini-Future (Short): Falling underlying
Characteristics
- Small investment generating a leveraged performance relative to the underlying
- Increased risk of total loss (limited to initial investment)
- Suitable for speculation or hedging
- Continuous monitoring required
- A residual value is redeemed following a Stop-Loss Event
- No influence of volatility
Market expectation
- Long: Rising underlying
- Short: Falling underlying
Characteristics
- Small investment generating a leveraged performance relative to the underlying
- Increased risk of total loss (limited to initial investment)
- A potential stop loss and/or adjustment mechanism prevents the value of the product from becoming negative
- Frequent shifts in direction of the price of the underlying have a negative effect on the product performance
- Resetting on a regular basis ensures a constant leverage
- Continuous monitoring required
Summary Risk Indicator (SRI)
The Summary Risk Indicator (SRI) is a standardised risk indicator that takes into account both the volatility of a financial instrument (market risk) and the creditworthiness of the issuer (credit risk). Based on this combination, the financial instrument is then classified on a seven-point scale, with 1 representing the lowest risk and 7 the highest risk.
PRIIP providers use the following format for presentation of the Summary Risk Indicator (SRI) in the Key Information Document (KID). As shown below, the relevant figure is highlighted to indicate the SRI of the PRIIP.
Lower Risk
Higher Risk
This risk indicator is based on the assumption that you will hold the product (for x years / until [date] [if there is no specific maturity date]).
(Where applicable:) If you liquidate an investment prematurely, the actual risk may significantly differ from that indicated and you may get back less than you invested.
(If classified as illiquid:) (It is [not] possible [under certain circumstances] to liquidate an investment prematurely.) If an investment is liquidated prematurely, you will / may incur significant additional costs. (If classified as associated with significant liquidity risk:) It may be that you cannot readily sell (terminate) your product without having to sell (terminate) it at a price that significantly reduces the amount you get back.
Swiss Derivative Map©
What is the Swiss Derivative Map©?
The product types as defined by the Association are listed in easy-to-understand form on the Swiss Derivative Map©. The map, produced in cooperation with Payoff.ch (Derivative Partners) and SIX Swiss Exchange, is available free of charge as a folder or poster. You agree to allow our partners which enable the free-of-charge order, to have access to your contact details, which they may use for information purposes.
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Product Finder
Guidelines
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SSPA Sustainability Transparency Guidelines
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FAQ SSPA Sustainability Transparency Guidelines
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SSPA AMC Recommendations
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FINSA Q&A
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Important adjustments to the SSPA categorization model as of January 2021
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Recommendations for Actively Managed Certificates (AMC)
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Guidelines for calculating and disclosing the costs of structured products
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Explanatory notes for the SSPA’s ‘Guidelines for calculating and disclosing the costs of structured products’
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Current subscription products
An overview of selected structured products from leading issuers is set out below. Before making an investment decision, you should inform yourself of the terms and conditions, issue price, repayment terms, risks and any fees.
Investment Checklist
Before investing in structured products, investors must be able to answer the following questions:
- What market expectations do you have, both generally and with regard to individual underlying securities?
- Do you know the underlying security? Have you been following its recent performance?
- Do you know how the underlying security will need to perform for the product to generate a profit?
- Are you familiar with the market scenarios that can result in a loss?
- Do you know the issuer of the product and have you been informed of the issuer risk?
- Does the product correspond to your risk appetite?
- Have you taken note of all sources of information relating to the product?
Key figures for pension funds
The Swiss Structured Products Association has prepared a cost concept that meets the requirements of the directives of the Occupational Pension Supervisory Commission (OPSC) for the use of investment products in occupational pension plans. The cost concept is based on the calculation and disclosure of product costs as required under the PRIIP regulation.